The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Pope Paul III leaving Nice in June 1538.

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abbeys and monasteries, 20, 28, 31, 32, Plate 5

Æthelburg of Kent, Queen consort of Northumbria, 26

Aetius, Flavius (Roman commander), 21

Agoult, Foulque d’ (seneschal), 43

Agricola, Gnaeus Julius (Roman governor), 17

agriculture, xiv, 8, 18, 21, 39, 45, 63

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius (Roman general), 17

Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône):

foundation, 14

Middle Ages, 36, 42, 43–4

15th–16th centuries, 49–50, 52, 54

17th–18th centuries, 57, 58, 59, 64

university, xiv

see also parlement of Aix

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 62

Aix-les-Bains (Savoie), 91

Alais, Louis-Emmanuel de Valois, Count of see Angoulême, Louis-Emmanuel de Valois, Duke of

Alaric I, King of the Visigoths, 21

Alaric II, King of the Visigoths, 23

Albi (Tarn), 25

Alboin, King of the Lombards, 25

Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia: assassination, 79

Alexander V, antipope, 44

Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia, xiv, 73

Alfonse-Jordan, Count of Toulouse, 33, 34

Alfonso V, King of Aragon, 45

Algeria, 90–91

Allia, Battle of (390 BC), 12

Allied invasion (1944), 86–8, Plate 24

Almanarre, L’ (Var), 8

Alpes Maritimae (Roman province), 18

Alphonse I, Count of Provence, 34–5

Alphonse II, Count of Provence, 34, 35

Alps, Battle of the (1940), 80

Amadeo VI, Count of Savoy, 44

American tourism, xv, 72, 73, 74–6, 78–9

Ammianus Marcellinus (historian), 11

Andrew, Prince of Hungary, 40–41, Plate 11

Angevins, xiii, 36–47

Angoulême, Louis-Emmanuel de Valois, Duke of (governor of Provence), 58–60

Anna of Kiev, Queen consort of the Franks, 31

Anne of Austria, Queen consort of France, 57, 58, 59

Anne de Beujeu, Duchess of Bourbon, 49

Antener (patricius of Provence), 27, 28

Antibes (Alpes-Maritimes):

etymology of name, 9

Greek settlement, 9, 13

Roman times, 16, 18, 20, 21

Middle Ages, 31, 32

15th–16th centuries, 52, 54

17th–18th centuries, 59, 60, 62, 64

19th–20th centuries, 68, 78, 82, 88, 90, 92, 93

Appian (historian), 18

Aquae Sextiae see Aix-en-Provence

aqueducts, 16, 17

Aquitaine, 21, 24, 27

Arabs, 27

Aragon, Kingdom of, 35, 45, 46, 52

Arcs, Les (Var), 47

Aristotle, 7

Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône), 21, 23, 24, 32, 42, 55, 65

Arles, Council of (314), 20

Arnaud de Cervole (mercenary), 42–3, 45

Athenopolis see St-Tropez

Attila the Hun, 21

Aubert, Albert, 77

Augustus, Roman Emperor, 17–18, 19

Alpine Trophy (La Turbie), 9, 18

Aups (Var), 63

Auribeau (Vaucluse), 41, 45

Austin, Macdonald, 83

Austrasia, Kingdom of, 25

Austria, 62, 65, 68–9, 70

Avignon (Vaucluse), 33, 41, 49, 65

commerce, 55

papacy, 39

university, xiv

Avitus, Western Roman Emperor, 24

Bad-Homburg, Germany, 77

Baebius, Lucius (Roman governor), 13

Baker, Josephine, 78, 93–4, Plate 22

bandits see brigandage

Barbarian invasions (5th–7th centuries), 21–6

Barbary pirates, 32, 52, 57

Barcelona, County of, 33–5

Barcelonnette (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), 44, 50, 61–2

Bardot, Brigitte, 92

Bargemon (Var), 83

Barjols (Var), 52, 66

Barthou, Louis: assassination, 79

Battle of the Flowers (festival), 8

Baudricourt, Jean, 49

Baussenque Wars (1143–56), 34

Baux, Les (Bouches-du-Rhône), 40

Beatrice of Provence, Countess of Anjou, 35, 36, 48

Beaulieu-sur-Mer (Alpes-Maritimes), 61, 74, 75

Beausset, Le (Var), 63

Beausset, Antoine Hilarion de, 65

Bechet, Sidney, 78, 93

Bede, St, 26

Beeches Pit, England, 1

Bego, Mount (Alpes-Maritimes), 4, 71

Benedict XIII, antipope, 44

Benevento, Battle of (1266), 37

Bennett, James Gordon Jr, 74–6

Berconum (Roman settlement), 17

Berenguer Ramon I, Count of Provence, 33

Berenguer Ramon II, Count of Barcelona, 33

Berenguer Ramon III, Count of Provence, 34

Bernard II, Margrave of Provence, 33

Berre (Bouches-du-Rhône), 56

Bertrand du Guesclin, 43

Biarritz (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), 91

Bicknell, Clarence, 3–4

Bicknell, Marcus, 4

bilingualism, 50, 60

Biot (Alpes-Maritimes), 16, 45

Blanc, François, 77

Bléneau (Yonne), 59

Bletchley Park (code breakers), 88

bombing raids (1944), 86

Bonaparte, Pauline, 68

Boso, King of Provence, 30, 48

Boso II, Count of Arles, 31

Bouc, Tour de (Bouches-du-Rhône), 59, 60

Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 6

Braudel, Fernand, 55

Breakspear, Nicholas (Pope Hadrian IV), 32

Breil-sur-Roya (Alpes-Maritimes), 61

Brennus (Gaul chieftain), 12

Briançonnet (Alpes-Maritimes), 18

brigandage, 55, 64, 68, 74, 79

Brignoles (Var), 43, 59, 60

Brigomagus see Briançonnet

Brigue, La (Alpes-Maritimes), 61, 71

British tourism, xiv, 19, 71–4, 76

Bronze Age, 3–4

Brougham, Henry, Baron Brougham and Vaux, 72–3

Broundet, Château de (Alpes-Maritimes), 68

Burgundy and Burgundians, xiii, 21, 22–4, 25, 29, 30, 32–3

Cabris (Alpes-Maritimes), 45

Cagnes (Alpes-Maritimes), 31

Callas (Var), 53

Cannes:

early history, 10

Middle Ages, 32

15th–16th centuries, 52, 53, 54

17th–18th centuries, 64

19th–20th centuries, 68, 72–3, 74, 76, 81, 82, 87, 88, 91–2, 93

see also Lérins, Iles de

Cannes Film Festival, 91–2

Cannet, Le (Alpes-Maritimes), 68

Carcalla, Edict of (212), 18

Carcès, Jean de Pontevès, Count of (grand seneschal), 53, 54, 59

Carlini, Michel, 90

Carloman II, King of West Francia, 30

Carolingian dynasty, 26, 27–30

Carsicis see Cassis

Carthage and Carthaginians, xiii, 6, 7, 12

Casaulx, Charles de, 54, 56

Cassatt, Mary, 78

Cassian, St John, 20

Cassis (Bouches-du-Rhône), 8, 16, 42

Castellane (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), 18, 49, 52

Catalaunian Plains, Battle of the (451), 21

Catalonia and Catalans, 38, 52

see also Barcelona

Catherine de’ Medici, Queen consort of France, 52, 53, 76

Catholic League (Wars of Religion), 54

Cavendish, Henry (scientist), 71

caves and cave-painting, 1–4, 71

Cavour, Camilo Benso, Count of, 70, 71

Celts see Gauls; Ligurians

Cemenelum see Cimiez

Ceyreste (Bouches-du-Rhône), 8

Châlons-en-Champagne (Marne), 21

Chambéry (Savoie), 44

‘Champagne Campaign’ (1944), 86–8, Plate 24

Chanel, Gabrielle ‘Coco’, 78

Chaplin, Sir Charlie, 79

Charibert, Frankish King, 24

Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, 26, 28

Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, 35, 36–8, 39, 48, Plate 10

Charles II of Anjou, King of Naples, 32, 38–9, 46

Charles III, Prince of Monaco, 71, 76–7

Charles III of Anjou, Count of Provence, 46–7, 48

Charles III of Durazzo, King of Naples, 40, 42, 43–4, 45

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 44

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, iv, 50–51, Plate 14

Charles V, King of France, 42

Charles VI, King of France, 44

Charles VII, King of France, 46

Charles VIII, King of France, 49

Charles IX, King of France, 52, 53, 58

Charles X, King of France, 69

Charles, Count of Maine, 45

Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor, 28, 30

Charles of Provence, Carolingian King, 30

Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, 54, 56

Charles Emmanuel III, Duke of Savoy, 62

Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria, 40

Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace, 27–8

Chartres (Eure-et-Loir), 24

Childebert I, Frankish King, xiii, 23–4

Childeric III, King of the Franks, 26, 28

Chilperic I, Frankish King, 24

Chlodomer, Frankish King, 23–4

Chlothar II, Frankish King, 25

cholera, 72

Christianity, 20, 21, 22, 31

Cicero, 7, 13, 15

Cimbric Wars (113–101 BC), 15

Cimiez (Alpes-Maritimes), 9, 18, 19, 20, Plate 3

cinema see film industry

Ciotat, La (Bouches-du-Rhône), 8, 42, 59, 65, 78

Cipières, René de, 53

Cisalpine Gaul (Roman province), 17

Citharista (Greek settlement), 8

Clement IV, Pope, 37

Clement VII, antipope, 43, 44

Clothar, Frankish King, 23, 24

Clotilde, St, 23

Clovis, King of the Franks, 22–3, 25, 26, Plate 6

Coeur, Jacques (merchant), 46

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 60

Collobrières (Var), 66

colonialism, 76, 90

Comanus, King of the Segobriges, 7

communists, 79, 82, 84, 90, 91

Concordat of 1801, 68

Condé, Louis II, Prince of, 58, 59, 60

Conrad I, King of Burgundy, 32

Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, xiii, 32

Conradin, King of Sicily, 37

Constance, Council of (1417), 39

Constance of Provence, Queen consort of the Franks, 31

Constantine I, Roman Emperor, 21

Cooper, Gladys, 79

coral, 8

Corsica, 12

Cosquer, Henri, 2–3

Cosquer cave (Bouches-du-Rhône), 1, 2–3

Crépy, Treaty of (1544), 51

Crimean War (1853–56), 73

Cristofol, Jean, 90

Crussol, Jacques, Count of, 52

Cuers (Var), 53, 81

Cumberland, Anne, Duchess of, 72

Cumberland, Prince Henry, Duke of, 72

Cwenburh, Queen consort of Northumbria, 26

Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, 5

Dagobert I, Frankish King, 25, 26

Dante Alighieri, 35, 38

de Gaulle, Charles, 81, 83–4

Deciatae (tribe), 13

Delphi, Greece: Massalia Treasury, 6, Plate 2

Digne (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), 19

Diocletian, Roman Emperor, 19

Domitius Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus (Roman consul), 14–15

Domitius Ahenobarbus, Lucius (Roman consul), 16

Douce I, Countess of Provence, 33

Douce II, Countess of Provence, 34

Dragoon, Operation (1944), 86–8, Plate 24

Draguignan (Var):

Middle Ages, 43, 44

15th–16th centuries, 47, 49, 52

17th–18th centuries, 59, 62, 63, 64–5, 66

19th–20th centuries, 87

Dumas, Alexandre, 73

Duncan, Isadora, 78

Dutheil de la Rochère, Anne-Elizabeth, 78

Edwin, King of Northumbria, xiii, 25

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 83, 85

Elba, Italy, 32, 68

Eleanor of Provence, Queen consort of England, 35

Embrun (Hautes-Alpes), 19, 25

Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, 52

Eperon, Jean-Louis Nogaret de La Valette, Duke of, 54, 55

Erlanger, Philippe, 91

Escarène, L’ (Alpes-Maritimes), 61

Escragnolles (Alpes-Maritimes), 68

Esterel mountains, 74

Étampes (Essone), 59

Etruria and Etruscans, 5, 7

Eturamina see Thorame

Eudes, Duke of Vasconia and Aquitaine, 27

Eugénie, Empress consort of the French, 71

Euric, King of the Visigoths, 22, 23

Euthymenes of Massalia (explorer), 6

Eze (Alpes-Maritimes), 31, 40

Fairbanks, Douglas, 79

famine and food shortages, 39, 41, 61, 63, 81

Fayence (Var), 87

Félibrige (cultural movement), 38

film industry, 78–9, 91–2

Fitzgerald, Scott and Zelda, 78, 79

Flora affair (1943), 86

Fontanalba, Val de (Alpes-Maritimes), 3, 4

Fonteius, Marcus (Roman governor), 15

Forbin, Palamède de, Lord of Soliès (seneschal), 48–9

Forcalquier (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), 47, 49

Forum Julii see Fréjus

Francis I, King of France, iv, 49, 50, 51, Plate 14

Francis II, King of France, 49, 52

Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 70

Franco-Austrian War (1859), 70–71

Franco-Spanish War (1635–59), 57, 58, 60

François, Duke of Anjou and Alençon, 53

Franks (people), xiii, 21, 22–9, Plate 6, Plate 7, Plate 8

Fraxinetum see Garde-Freinet, La

Fredegar, chronicle of, 23

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 37

Frederick, Robert Tryon, 89

Fréjus (Var), 17, 20, 21, 31, 44, 47, 49, 53, 59, 66, 68, Plate 26

Frenay, Henri, 82

Frondes (1648–53), xiv, 57–60, Plate 16

Frosasque, François Provane, Count of, 61

Fulcrad, Duke of Provence, 28

Fulvius Flaccus, Marcus (Roman consul), 14

Gallia Narbonensis (Roman province), 14, 15, 17–19, 21

Galsworthy, John, 79

Gap (Hautes-Alpes), 23

Garde-Freinet, La (Var), 31

Gattières (Alpes-Maritimes), 40

Gaude, La (Alpes-Maritimes), 41, 94

Gaulle, Charles de, 81, 83–4

Gauls, 10–11, 12–14, 19

Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), 15–16, 18

Genoa, Italy, 34, 35, 39, 51, 62

George III, King of Great Britain, 72

Gérard, Count of Vienne, 28

Gersende, Countess of Forcalquier, 35

Gervase of Tilbury (judge), 35

Giens peninusula (Var), 8, 57

Glandèves (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), 18, 45

Gould, Frank Jay, 78

Grace, Princess of Monaco, 93

Grasse (Alpes-Maritimes):

bishopric, 31, 32, 67

castle, 31

commerce, 34, 76

Grasse (Alpes-Maritimes), history and development:

Middle Ages, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 43

15th–16th centuries, 49, 54

17th–18th centuries, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67

19th–20th centuries, 68, 70, 76, 81, 83, 88

‘Great Company’ (mercenaries), 43

Great Terror (1793–94), 65–7

Greeks, ancient, xiii, 5–10

Gregory of Tours, St, 24

Grimaldi family, 34, 40

see also Charles III; Louis II, princes of Monaco

Grimaud (Var), 44

Guerini (Mafia clan), 90

guide books, xi, 72

Guillaume de Machaut (poet), 41

guillotine, 67

Guise, Charles de Lorraine, Duke of, 54–5, 56

Gulf of Lions, xiv

Guntram, Frankish King, 24, 25

Gyptis (Segobriges princess), 5–6

Habsburg Empire, 50–51

Hadrian IV, Pope, 32

Hannibal (Carthaginian commander), 12

Harpagos (Persian general), 5

Haut Var (Alpes-Maritimes), 61

Hayreddin Barbarossa (Ottoman admiral), 51

Hecataios of Miletus, 10

Hemingway, Ernest, 78

Henry I, King of the Franks, 31

Henry II, King of France, 49

Henry III, King of England, 35

Henry III, King of France, 53, 54

Henry IV, King of France, 53–4, 56

Henry VI, King of England, 46

Herchenfreda (Gallo-Roman aristocrat), 25, 26

Herodotus, 5

Hitler, Adolf, 80, 81

Hohenstaufen dynasty, 37

Holy Roman Empire, xiii, 32–3, 37

Honoratus of Arles, St, 20

Honorius, Western Roman Emperor, 21

Hood, Samuel, 1st Viscount, 66

Hospicius (ascetic), 20

Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, 30

Hugues, Emile, 94

Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), xiii–xiv, 42–3

Hungary, Kingdom of, 40–41, 42, 44

Huns (people), 21, 22

Hyères (Var), 34, 36, 44, 53, 59, 63, 64, 66, 68, 76, 81

see also Giens peninusula

Hyères, Iles d’ (Var), 16, 21, 53, 57, 59, 87

If, Château d’ (Bouches-du-Rhône), 59

information technology, 94

Ingram, Rex, 78–9

Innocent VI, Pope, 43

Is-sur-Tille, Edict of (1535), 49

Islam, 27, 51

Isle, Maurice de l’, 56

Italian invasion/occupation (1940–43), 80–83, 85, 86

Jacobinism, 64–7

James IV of Majorca, 42

Jargeau (Loiret), 59

Jarnègues, Treaty of (1176), 34

Jazz Age (1920s), 78

jazz festivals, 92–3

Jean le Bon, King of France, 42

Jefferson, Thomas, xii, xiv, 72, 94

Jews, 39, 42, 53, 82

Joan I, Queen of Naples, 40–41, 42–3

Joan II, Queen of Naples, 45

Joinville, Edict of (1535), 49

Juan-les-Pins (Alpes-Maritimes), 78, 88, 93

Julia the Elder (daughter of Augustus), 19

Julius Caesar, 15–17, 18

Justinian, Byzantine Emperor, 25

Knights Hospitallers, 39

Knights Templars, 39

Knokke-le-Zoute, Belgium, 93

Ladislaus the Magnanimous, King of Naples, 45

Laffitte, Pierre, 94

Lambesc (Bouches-du-Rhône), 49

Langlois, Napoleon, 76–7

Lantosque (Alpes-Maritimes), 44

Lattre de Tassigny, Jean de, 83, 87

Laval, Pierre, 81

Lazaret, Grotte du (Alpes-Maritimes), 1, 2

Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius (Roman commander), 17

Lérins, Iles de (Alpes-Maritimes), 16–17, 20, 51, 57

St-Honorat monastery, 20, 32, 64, Plate 5

Licinus, Julius (Gallic slave), 19

Liégeard, Stéphen: La Côte d’Azur, xi

Ligurians, 5–6, 7, 9, 13, 14

Little Richard (musician), 93

Liutprand, King of the Lombards, 25

Loire, River, 5

Lombardy and Lombards, 21, 25, 27–8, 36, 44, 70

Lorgues (Var), 44, 55

Lost Generation (post-World War I), 78

Lothar I, Holy Roman Emperor, 28–9, 30

Lotharingia, Kingdom of, 28–9

Louis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 28

Louis I, King of Hungary, 40, 41, 42

Louis I of Anjou-Provence, King of Naples, 42, 43–4

Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 30

Louis II, Prince of Monaco, 89

Louis II of Anjou-Provence, King of Naples, 44–5

Louis III, King of West Francia, 30

Louis III of Anjou-Provence, King of Naples, 45, 46

Louis IX, King of France (St Louis), 35, 36, 37, 68

Louis XI, King of France, 46, 47, 48–9

Louis XII, King of France, 49

Louis XIII, King of France, 57

Louis XIV, King of France, 31, 56, 57, 58, 60–61, Plate 16

Louis XVII, King of France, 66

Louis XVIII, King of France, 68–9

Louis the Blind, King of Provence, 30

Louis the German, King of East Francia, 28

Louis of Taranto, King of Naples, 40, 42

Louis-Napoleon see Napoleon III, Emperor

Louis Philippe, King of the French, 69

Louise, Queen of Denmark, xiv, 73

Lucius Julius Caesar, 19

Lumière, Auguste and Louis, 78–9

Luter, Claude, 93

Lyons, 67, 84

Magenta, Battle of (1859), 70

Man Ray (artist), 78

Manfred, King of Sicily, 37

Manhès, Henri, 83

Mann, Delbert, 92

Maquis see Resistance (World War II)

Margaret of Durazzo, Queen consort of Naples, 45

Margaret of Provence, Queen consort of France, 35, 37, Plate 9

Marguerite, St, 20

Marguerite of Anjou, Queen consort of England, 46

Marie de Blois, Duchess of Anjou, 44

maritime trade, xiv, 5, 6, 46

Mark Antony (Roman general), 17

Marseilles:

bishopric, 31

commerce and industry, 46, 55, 56, 76, 85

politics, 79, 82

population, 55

Marseilles, history and development:

foundation and Greek rule, xiii, 5–8, 10

Roman times, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21

Middle Ages, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27–8, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43

15th–16th centuries, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55

17th–18th centuries, 42, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65–7

19th–20th centuries, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90–91

Marseilles, places and buildings:

Château d’If, 59

Cosquer cave, 1, 2–3

Fort St-Jean, 65

Fort St-Nicolas, 65

harbour, 5

oppidum of the Bell, 10

St-Victor monastery, 20, 28

Martin V, Pope, 39, 45

Marx, Harpo, 78

Mary Magdalane, 43

Massalia see Marseilles

Mattienus, Gaius (Roman commander), 13

Maurois, André, 8

Maurontus, Duke of Provence, 27

Mauvans, Antoine and Paulon de (Huguenot nobles), 52

Mazarin, Jules Raymond, Cardinal, 57, 58, 59, 60

Médecin, Jacques, 94

Melun (Seine-et-Marne), 64

Menez-Dregan (Finistère), 1

Menton (Alpes-Maritimes), 34, 71, 74, 76, 80, 81

Mercantour National Park, 3

Mercoeur, Louis, Duke of (governor of Provence), 59–60

Merovech (founder of Merovingian dynasty), 26

Merovingian dynasty, xiii, 22–6, 27, 28, Plate 7, Plate 8

Metz, Kingdom of, 24, 29

Meyrargues (Bouches-du-Rhône), 39, 56

Meyrargues, Louis d’Algonia, Lord of, 56

Michael I, Tsar of Russia, 31

Milan, Edict of (313), 20

Milice (military police), 82

Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Count of, 63, 65, Plate 18

mistral (wind), xiv

Mistral, Frédéric, 38

Moggridge, John Traherne, 3

Monaco:

etymology of name, 10

Greek settlement, 10

Middle Ages, 32, 34, 40

15th–16th century, 49, 52

17th–18th centuries, 64, 65

19th–20th centuries, 68, 71, 76–7, 89, 91, 93

monasteries and abbeys, 20, 28, 31, 32, Plate 5

Montalban fort (Alpes-Maritimes), 61

Montauroux (Var), 54, 59

Monte Carlo, 77

see also Monaco

Montmajour Abbey (Bouches-du-Rhône), 31

Montpellier (Hérault), 39

Moore, Grace, 92

Morison, Samuel Eliot, 86

Mouans-Sartoux (Alpes-Maritimes), 45

Mougins (Alpes-Maritimes), 31

Moulin, Jean, 83–4

Mummolus, Eunius (Gallo-Roman general), 25

Murphy, Gerald and Sara, 78

Mussolini, Benito, 80, 91

Muy, Le (Var), 50, 87

Nabokov, Vladimir, 78

Nannos, King of the Segobriges, 5–6, 7

Nantes, Edict of (1598), 55

Naples, Kingdom of, 37–46

Napoleon I, Emperor, 32, 64–5, 66, 68–9, 74

Napoleon III, Emperor, 69, 70–71, Plate 20

Napoule, La (Alpes-Maritimes), 32, 41, 52

Narbonese Gaul see Gallia Narbonensis

Narbonne (Aude), 15

Nègre, Cap (Var), 86

Nepos, Julius (Western Roman Emperor), 22

Neustria, Kingdom of, 25

Newport, Rhode Island, 93

Nice:

bishopric, 31

carnival and festivals, 8, 92–3

etymology of name, 9

population, 76

trade, xiv

Nice, history and development:

Greek settlement, 9, 13

Roman times, 16, 18, 20

Middle Ages, 28, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 44

15th–16th centuries, 32, 41, 44, 50, 51, 52, 54

17th–18th centuries, 56, 60–61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68

19th–20th centuries, 68, 70, 71–4, 75, 76, 78–9, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–3

Nice, places and buildings:

Abbey of St-Pons, 31

castle, 31, 50, 51, 61

Colline du Château, 9

Croix de Marbre, 51, 72

Excelsior Régina Hotel, 76

Grotte du Lazaret, 1, 2

Hôtel/Palais de York, 72, Plate 17

Montalban fort, 61

Palais de Justice, place du, 67

St-Roch, 86

Terra Amata, 1

Victorine Studios, 78–9

Villa Furtado-Heine, 72

Villa Reuter, 75

Nice, Truce of (1538), iv, 51, Plate 14

Nogaret de La Valette, Bernard, 54

Nuno, Count of Roussillon, 35

Occitan (language), xiii, 38

see also bilingualism

Octavian see Augustus, Roman Emperor

Odessa Steamship Company, 73

Odoacer, King of Italy, 22

Olbia (Greek settlement), 8–9, 10

Olivari, Guilhem, 37

olives and olive oil, 8, 13, 18, 46, 55

Ollières (Var), 63

Opimius, Quintis (Roman consul), 13

Opio (Alpes-Maritimes), 67, Plate 19

Oradour-sur-Glane massacre (1944), 86

Orange (Vaucluse), 23

university, xiv

organised crime, 79, 90

Orléans, Kingdom of, 23, 24

Ostrogoths, 21, 22–3, 24

Otto, Duke of Brunswick, 42

Ottoman Empire, 51

Oxybii (tribe), 13

Pagnol, Marcel, 79

Palladia Tolosa see Toulouse

Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount, 73

Palo Alto, California, 94

Paris, Treaty of (1796), 68

Paris, Treaty of (1814), 68

Paris, Treaty of (1856), 73

Parker, Dorothy, 78

parlement of Aix, 49–50, 54, 58–9

Parma, Italy, 70

Parthenius (Gallo-Roman governor), 24

Paul III, Pope, iv, 51, Plate 14

Paulet of Marseilles (troubadour), 38

Pavia, Battle of (1525), 50

Pax Romana, 18–19

Paxton, Robert O., 85

Peille (Alpes-Maritimes), 61

Peire Vidal, xvi

perfume trade, 76

Pertuis (Vaucluse), 54

Perugia, Council of (1269), 38

Pétain, Philippe, 80, 81

Peter of Aragon, King of Sicily, 38

Peter IV, King of Aragon, 42

Philip III, King of France, 37

Phocaea and Phocaeans, 5–6

Picasso, Pablo, 78

Pickford, Mary, 79

Piedmont, 36, 44, 50

Piedmont-Sardinia, Kingdom of, 70–71

Pierrefeu-du-Var (Var), 66

Pillorget, René, 56–7

Pippin III, King of the Franks, 26, 28

piracy, 13, 31, 32, 51–2, 57, 74

Pisa, Italy, 34

Pius II, Pope, 47

plagues, 25, 41–2, 50, 53, Plate 12

Pliny the Elder, 9, 16–17

Plombières, Treaty of (1858), 70

Poire, Marianne, 2

Poitiers, Battle of (732/3), 27

Polybius (historian), 6

Pompey (Roman consul), 15, 16, 18

Pontevès-Flassans, Durand de (consul of Aix), 52–3

Porquerolles (Var), 53

see also Hyères, Iles d’

Porter, Cole, 78

Posidonius (historian), 14

Potter, Maud, 75, 76

prehistoric sites, 1–4

Protis (Phocaean leader), 5–6

Puget (Var), 44, 63

Puget, Honoré de, 50

Puget-Théniers (Alpes-Maritimes), 44

Punic Wars (265–149 BC), 12

‘purification’ (post-World War II), 88

Pytheas of Massalia (explorer), 6

railways, 74, 77

Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Provence, 33

Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Provence, 33

Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence, 34

Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence, 34

Ramon Berenguer V, Count of Provence, 35

Raymond I, Lord of Baux, 34

Raymond IV, Lord of Baux, 43

Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, 34

René I of Anjou, King of Naples, 46, Plate 13

René II, Duke of Lorraine, 46, 47

Renoir, Jean, 91

Réserve de Beaulieu, La (hotel/restaurant), 75

Resistance (World War II), 82–6, 93, Plate 23

Retz, Albert de Gondi, Count of (governor of Provence), 53

Reuter, George Julius, 75–6

Reuter, Paul Julius, Baron, 75

Revolution (1789), 63–8

Reynaud, Paul, 80

Rheims, Kingdom of, 23

Rhône, River, 5, 6

Ribière, Marcel, 81

Richard of Cornwall, King of the Romans, 35

Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal, 57

Richeza of Poland, Countess of Provence, 34

Rivers, Penelope, Lady, 72

Riviera: definition and extent of, xi

road construction, 56, 73–4

Robert II, Count of Artois, 38

Robert II, King of the Franks, 31

Robert of Anjou, King of Naples, 39–40

Roger I, Count of Carcassonne, 33

Roman Empire, xiii, 7, 9, 12–22, 26, Plate 4

Rome:

sack of 390 BC, 12

sack of 410, 21

Romulus Augustulus, Western Roman Emperor, 22

Roquebrune-Cap-Martin (Alpes-Maritimes), 2, 34, 52, 71, 93–4

Roquebrune-sur-Argens (Var), 47, 54

Rotbild II, Margrave of Provence, 32

Rougiers (Var), Plate 15

Rudolf II, King of Burgundy, 30

Rudolf III, King of Burgundy, 32

Rueil, Treaty of (1649), 58

Russian tourism, xiv, 73

Saguntum, Spain, 12

St Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572), 53

St-Honorat, Ile (Alpes-Maritimes), 16, 51, 57

monastery, 20, 32, Plate 5

St-Hospice (Alpes-Maritimes), 56, 61

St-Laurent-du-Var (Alpes-Maritimes), 41, 45, 81

St-Maximin-la-Ste-Baume (Var), 43, 44, 60

St-Paul-de-Vence (Alpes-Maritimes), 44, 54, 62, 66

St-Pons, Abbey of (Alpes-Maritimes), 31

St-Raphael (Var), 81

St-Tropez (Var), 9, 17, 57, 59, 60, 92

St-Vallier-de-Thiey (Alpes-Maritimes), 68

Ste-Marguerite, Ile (Alpes-Maritimes), 16–17, 20, 51, 57

Salinae see Castellane

salt production, 36, 56

Saluvii (tribe), 14

Salvius (Gallo-Roman aristocrat), 25

Sanche, Count of Provence, 34

Sanchia of Provence, Queen of the Romans, 35

Sandberg, Serge, 79

Saorge (Alpes-Maritimes), 61

Saracens, 27, 28, 31–2, 52

Sardinia, Kingdom of, 62, 65, 68, 73

see also Piedmont-Sardinia, Kingdom of

Savoy, Duchy of, 44, 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 60–62, 70, 71

Saxony and Saxons, 21, 25, 28

Schneider, Max, 87

sea-faring, xiv, 5, 6, 73, 74

Segobriges tribe, 5–6, 7

Ségurane, Catherine, 51

Senez (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), 19

Séranon (Alpes-Maritimes), 68

Seven Years’ War (1754–63), 71

Sextius Calvinus, Gaius (Roman consul), 14

Seyne-sur-Mer, La (Var), 63

Shaw, George Bernard, 79

sheep-farming, 18, 45

Siagrius (patricius of Provence), xiii, 25, 26

Sicilian Vespers (1282), 38

Sicily, Kingdom of, 37, 38, 39, 42, 44, 61–2

Siculus, Diodorus (historian), 13–14

Sigibert I, Frankish King, 24

Signes (Var), 44, 86

Sisteron (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), 59, 60

slavery, 13–14, 32, 35, 51

Smollett, Tobias, 71–2

socialism, 79, 82

Soissons, Kingdom of, 23, 24, 26

Solferino, Battle of (1859), 70

Solliès (Var), 63, 66

Sommerive, Honoré de Savoie, Count of (governor of Provence), 53

Sophia-Antipolis (technology and business park), 94

Sophie, Princess of the United Kingdom, 72

Sospel (Alpes-Maritimes), 61, 65

spice trade, 46

Stephanus of Byzantium, 10

Stewart, James, 81

Stoechades Insulae see Hyères, Iles d’

Strabo (historian), 6, 7, 9

strikes (1947), 90

Tagliacozza, Battle of (1268), 37

Tarascon (Bouches-du-Rhône), 42, 44, 59, 60

Tartessos, Spain, 5, 6

Tauroention (Greek settlement), 8

Tavannes, Gaspard de Saulx, Maréchal de (governor of Provence), 53

technology, information, 94

telephones, 75

Tende (Alpes-Maritimes), 61, 65, 71

Vallée des Merveilles, 1, 3–4, Plate 1

Tende, Col de (mountain pass), 56

Tende, Claude de Savoie, Count of (grand seneschal), 52, 53

Terra Amata (prehistoric site), 1

Theodoric I, King of the Visigoths, 21

Theodoric the Great, King of the Ostrogoths, 22–3, 24

Théoule-sur-Mer (Alpes-Maritimes), 86

Theudebert I, Frankish King, 24, Plate 7

Theuderic I, Frankish King, 23, 24

Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), 57

Thorame (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), 18

Thurber, James, 78

Tiberius, Roman Emperor, 15

Toulon:

early history, 10, 20

Middle Ages, 34, 43, 44

15th–16th centuries, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53

17th–18th centuries, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67

19th–20th centuries, 81, 85, 86, 87, 90

trade, xiv, 55

Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), 21

Toulouse, County of, 33–5

Touquet, Le (Pas-de-Calais), 91

tourism, xiv–xv, 19, 68, 71–6, 91

summer tourism, 78–9, 92–4

Tourrette-Levens (Alpes-Maritimes), 31

Tourrettes (Var), 87

Tourtour, Battle of (973), 32

Tourves (Var), 52

Trans-en-Provence (Var), 47

Transalpina, Provincia (Roman province), 14–17

Treasury of the Massalians (Delphi), 6, Plate 2

Trebonius, Gaius (Roman commander), 16

troubadours, xiii, xvi, 38

Truce of Nice (1538), iv, 51, Plate 14

Tuck, Edward, 18

Turbie, La (Alpes-Maritimes), 32, 40, 61

Trophy of Augustus, 9, 18

Turenne, Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Viscount of, 58, 59

Turenne, Raymond-Roger de Beaufort, Viscount of, 45

Turin, 44

Turin, Treaty of (1696), 61

Ubaye Valley (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), 44

Union of Aix (confederation), 43–4

universities, xiv

Urban V, Pope, 42

Urban VI, Pope, 43

Uscfrea (Northumbrian prince), 25–6

Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 61

Vair, Guillaume du, 56

Val, Battle of the (1649), 59

Val Camonica, Italy, 3

Valbonne (Alpes-Maritimes), xi, 45, 94

see also Sophia-Antipolis

Valence (Drôme): university, xiv

Valentino, Rudolph, 78

Vallauris (Alpes-Maritimes), 45

Vallée des Merveilles (Alpes-Maritimes), 1, 3–4, Plate 1

Vallonnet, Grotte du (Alpes-Maritimes), 1–2

Vandals (tribe), 21

Vasconia, Duchy of, 27

Vediantii (tribe), 9

Venaissin, Comtat, 49

Venanson (Alpes-Maritimes), Plate 12

Vence (Alpes-Maritimes), 18, 20, 31, 40, 64, 88

Venice and Venetia, 39, 70, 71

Venice Film Festival, 91, 92

Ventimiglia, Italy, 36, 44

Verdun, Treaty of (843), 28

Vértesszőlős, Hungary, 1

Vervins, Peace of (1598), 55

Vichy (Allier), 91

Vichy administration (1940–44), 80–82, 83

Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia, 61–2

Victor Amadeus III, Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia, 65

Victor-Emmanuel II, King of Italy, 71

Victoria, Queen, xi–xii, xiv, 76, 80, Plate 21

Victorine Studios (film studio), 78–9

Viennoise (Roman province), 19, 21

Villafranca, Treaty of (1859), 70

Villani, Giovanni, 36

Villefranche-sur-Mer (Alpes-Maritime), xiv, 41, 51, 56, 61, 62, 73, 75

Villeneuve-Loubet (Alpes-Maritimes), 51, 62, 81

Villers-Cotterêts, Ordinance of (1539), 50

Vins, Hubert de Garde, Lord of, 54

Vintium see Vence

Visigoths, 21–3, 27

Viso, Mount (Italy), 46

Vitigis, King of the Ostrogoths, 24

Vocontii (people), 14

Voltaire, xiii

Vouillé, Battle of (507), 23

Voulant, Vincent, 90

Vovelle, Michel, 66

Waller, Fats, 93

War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48), 62

War of the Spanish Succession (1701–15), 61–2

Wars of Religion (1562–1629), xiv, 52–5

Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 68, 88

Wharton, Edith, 78

White Terror (1795), 67

wildlife, 1, 2, 3, 45

William I, Margrave of Provence, 31–2

William II, Count of Provence, 32

William IV, King of the United Kingdom, 72

wine and viniculture, 6, 8, 13–14, 18, 21

Wolff, Lin, xi

World War I, 78

World War II, 80–89

Yaroslav, Archduke of Kiev, 31

Yffi (Northumbrian prince), 26

Yolande of Aragon, Queen consort of Naples, 45

Zhoukoudian, China, 1

Ziegler, Elizabeth, 93

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